From Mirriam Webster: transitive verb: to wish for earnestly - covet
an award. : to desire (what belongs to another) inordinately or culpably - The
king's brother coveted the throne. intransitive verb: to feel inordinate desire
for what belongs to another
From Oxford - verb: covet; yearn to possess or have
(something). -"he covets time for exercise and fishing". Similar: desire,
be consumed with desire for, crave, have one's heart set on, want, wish for, long
for, yearn for, dream of, aspire to. hanker for, hanker after, hunger after/for,
thirst for, ache for, fancy, burn for, pant for.
Origin - Middle English: from Old French cuveitier, based on Latin cupiditas (see cupidity).
Of all the things that a person
can play with, I love words. I love putting them together, studying them, enjoying
them. A post or so ago I looked up the Ten Commandments in its form both in the
King James version of the Bible and in the Vulgate.
A Digression - Why is there a
version of the Bible called the Vulgate?
The New Testament was originally written in Greek. The principal Latin version
of the Bible was prepared mainly by St. Jerome in the late 4th century, and (as
revised in 1592) adopted as the official text for the Roman Catholic Church. Jerome's Latin version was called the Biblia
vulgata, the 'Bible in the common tongue'. And it remained in Latin for many
hundreds of years, accessible only by the clergy and others (very few) who knew
Latin until common people at the beginnings of the ‘protestant’ movement stubbornly
insisted on translating it and using the translations. ‘Vulgus’, in
passing, meant ‘the mass of the people’, quite literally ‘the public’ and only
later took on the connotation of ‘rabble’ providing our adjective, “vulgar” to
describe a range from unrefined to sexually explicit speech or action.
Are you still there? If you are, you will be pleased to know that I am about to rejoin the main thread of this discussion by highlighting the use of “covet” in the Tenth Commandment. It is really a word that is used regularly in modern English only with the commandment or discussion of it. And it is another word that comes to us from the Latin, in this case from ‘cupiditas’. Now my Collins English/Latin dictionary gives a whole range of definitions of this word, a noun formed from the verb ‘cupere’ (yes, of course, Cupid). ‘Cupiditas’ can mean “desire, eagerness, enthusiasm, passion, lust, avarice, greed, ambition and partisanship”. It switched its ‘p’ for a ‘v’ in medieval France, giving us cuveitier, and arrived in our language to become the Middle English word 'coveit'.
It is certainly not the only word
choice that the learned men working, at King James I’s request, on a definitive
English translation for use in churches could have used. A book I read about the translation
process describes men learned in Greek, Latin, Hebrew and other tongues. They
lived in the same age that produced Shakespeare and other prolific coiners of words.
(Shakespeare only uses ‘covet’ three times in all of the plays; methinks he did
not like the word much.) They must have had reason to decide on ‘covet’ and add
the list of things not to be coveted, adding ‘or anything that is his’ to cover
the corners.
It is impossible to trace what the
learned men were translating FROM when they chose to use ‘covet’. If I could remember
the name of the really interesting book[1]
I read about this, I could quote the list of sources they used, but please
understand that there were a lot. It took them years and when you read the King
James version, you understand why. It is a masterpiece of
language, very precise, very clear. And very current if you lived in the first
half of the seventeenth century. And so, in spite of Shakespeare’s dislike of
it, 'covet' was the word of choice for the commandment about not being – what?
Jealous? Greedy? Too set on material things?
As far as I can tell, it is okay
to want a house or an ox or an axe like the one your neighbour has. You just
are forbidden to want, to yearn for, to dream of, his. (This makes more than perfect sense when you
get to ‘wife’, eh?) (Squaring this with ‘love
your neighbour as yourself’ took me some time as a Sunday School student.)
Another Digression. - I have a
vague memory, speaking of being a student, of Chaucer using a word very close
to our modern ‘covet’ in several places, notably the Wife of Bath and the
Parson, but I can’t find the quote in context in a fast search. Chaucer’s word
is coveiten,
All of us who were dragged off to
Sunday School know, vaguely, that coveting something, the sin of covetousness,
is wrong. But without the word being in common use, I, for one, find it
difficult to know exactly what it is wrong to do. The other commandments have language that is
quite clear. ‘Thou shalt not kill’ Got it. But, what exactly is coveting? If my
neighbour has a beautiful new baby grandchild, and mine are all grown, is it
wrong to hold that baby and wish for those days back again? If my
neighbour is younger, supple, strong, out in her garden, is it wrong to wish
that I could still do the same? “To desire inordinately or culpably”; where
does ‘ordinate’ stop and ‘culpability’ begin?
I wish I could remember more about
the book I read about the King James Bible’s creation. I cannot stop thinking
about those translators, those men (I suspect they were all men) sitting hour
after day after month producing that beautiful language. Ruth and Naiomi, just
as an example –“Entreat me not to leave thee, or to return from following after
thee: for whither thou goest, I will go; and where thou lodgest, I will lodge:
thy people shall be my people, and thy God my God. Where thou diest, will I
die; and there will I be buried; the Lord do so to me, and more also if aught
but death part thee and me.” (Ruth 1:16-17 KJV) How did that come to be written in
just that way? The cadence, the clarity, the clean, stark beauty, all
outstanding. All, we are lead to believe, the work of a committee.
I love language, words, communication
through the best choices of words. Words, I used to pound into my restless teenagers,
are tools. The more tools, the better the tools you have, the better your
results. You can carve with a chainsaw, certainly, but you can carve smaller
and finer with a sharp, sharp knife. And among the words in English that I love
the most, that I cherish, are those of the King James translation.
In the beginning was the word …
I found two
that might be it. God's Secretaries:
The Making of the King James Bible –
2003 by Adam Nicolson and In the Beginning: The Story of the King James
Bible and How it Changed a Nation, a Language, and a Culture by Alister E.
McGrath, 2001.